In this study, the mixed-convective heat transfer in a lid-driven cubic cavity at  is investigated numerically. We consider two cases: Case 1:  and Case 2:  where the top moving lid and the bottom walls are at constant uniform temperatures and the vertical walls are thermally insulated. The Reynolds number is fixed at  while the Richardson number is varied from 0.001 to 10. The effect of temperature gradient orientation on the fluid flow and heat transfer has been performed. It is shown that the downward temperature gradient yields a better heat transfer rate than the upward temperature gradients (Case 1). Multiple correlations in terms of the heat transfer rate and Richardson number have been established.

mixed-convection, Richardson number, lid-driven cavity, temperature gradients.